Environmental Risk Assessment of Antifouling Paints

General aspects of tin-free antifouling paints.

Environmental risk limits for antifouling substances.

In 1989, the EU restricted the use of tributyl-tin (TBT) and the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) decided for a world-wide ban on TBT in 2003. As a replacement for TBT, new antifouling agents are entering the market. Environmental risk limits (ERLs) are derived for substances that are used as TBT-substitutes, i.e. the compounds Irgarol 1051, dichlofluanid, ziram, chlorothalonil and TCM...

Occupational exposure during application and removal of antifouling paints.

Exposure data on biocides are relatively rare in published literature, especially for secondary exposure. This is also the case for antifouling exposure. Therefore, a field study was carried out measuring exposure to antifouling paints. Both primary exposure (rolling and spraying) and secondary exposure (during sand blasting) were studied. Exposure during rolling was measured in boatyards where...

Controlling Marine Fouling with Antifouling Paints and Underwater Hull Cleaning

trolling marine fouling on ships’ hulls has been considered essential since the earliest days of marine transport. It has been estimated that without any attempt to control fouling, shipping would require 40% more power, equal to about 72 million tonnes of additional fuel per year.1 Therefore, without an effective antifouling system, today’s marine transport industry would undoubtedly grind to ...

Environmental risk assessment of a dam during construction phase

The present study was conducted to assess the possible risks induced by construction of Gavi Dam in Ilam Province; western part of Iran, using MIKE-11 model and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution. For this purpose, vulnerable zone of the dam site against the flooding risk of Gavi River was calculated for different return periods. The flooding zones were stimulated...